The year is 1648. One of the longest and bloodiest conflicts in European history, the Thirty Years' War, has come to an end. Amidst the capacious battlefields and razed towns, diplomats gather and sign treaties in the German provinces of Münster and Osnabrück. They stitch together the tattered fabric of a war-torn continent with the Peace of Westphalia, and, in doing so, inadvertently establish the foundational tenets of state sovereignty: territorial integrity, non-interference, and sovereign equality. Although rooted in the sociopolitical realities of 17th century Europe, these principles continue to guide international jurisprudence to this day as undercurrents of international humanitarian law (“IHL”).

Artificial intelligence (“AI”), specifically large language models such as ChatGPT, are developing rapidly. AI’s immense utility has ensured mass adoption by businesses and the public alike. However, the United States government is only beginning to regulate the internal use of AI. What follows are recent efforts to regulate government use of AI and some major developments expected to take place in the near future.

Signed by President Trump on December 3, 2020, Executive Order 13960 sets out principles for the internal use of AI. Order 13960 requires that the government use of AI shall be lawful, purposeful, and effective. It also requires that the AI used be safe, secure, regularly monitored, and accountable. These principles have vague descriptions but were intended to guide efforts to regulate the internal use of AI to “foster public trust and confidence while protecting privacy, civil rights, civil liberties, and American values, consistent with applicable law. . . .”

Twitter Co-founder, Jack Dorsey, sent the very first “tweet” on March 21, 2006. The tweet read, “just setting up my twttr.” While Twitter began as a side project stemming from a podcasting tool, the growth and impact of this social media platform went well beyond expectation. After going public in 2013, Twitter’s audience has expanded to over 200 million active users, including notable figures such as Oprah Winfrey and Barrack Obama. Now, 10 years later, Twitter has approximately 528.3 million monetizable monthly active users and is valued at $41.09 billion.

Twitter has been widely identified by its iconic blue bird logo. According to Jack Dorsey, Twitter’s name in fact stems from the sounds that birds make. Since the site initially only allowed 140-character tweets, status updates on Twitter were short bursts of information, akin to chirps from birds.

In June 2021, the Supreme Court ruled in NCAA vs. Alston ("Alston") that the NCAA could no longer stop member schools from offering education-related benefits to student athletes. The NCAA quickly deemed that the ruling allowed student athletes to profit off their name, image, and likeness, otherwise known as “NIL”. Following the Court’s decision, the NCAA released a four-point guidance on their NIL policy. The four points stated:

• Individuals can engage in NIL activities that are consistent with the law of the state where the school is located. Colleges and universities may be a resource for state law questions.

• College athletes who attend a school in a state without an NIL law can engage in this type of activity without violating NCAA rules related to name, image, and likeness.

• Individuals can use a professional services provider for NIL activities.

• Student-athletes should report NIL activities consistent with state law or school and conference requirements to their school.

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has taken the world by storm. It has transformed several industries, such as healthcare, finance, marketing, and entertainment. However, the explosion of AI has also come with a surge of litigation and policy changes. Because of AI’s capability to gather massive amounts of existing data and produce new output, many artists, companies, and individuals that own copyrighted works are suing the creators of AI generators. This development has forced the U.S. government (the “Government”) to address issues relating to AI and copyright to ensure that individuals who own copyrighted works are protected.

Merriam-Webster defines artificial intelligence (“AI”) as, “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers,” or, “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.” Since the 1950s, various computer scientists have developed theories to research, develop, and implement artificial intelligence for the benefit of society, and have been pressed with deep philosophical and ethical questions along the way.